Sedan, Battle. 1870. Napoleon III surrenders to Germans. Ends second French Empire.

Seeckt, Hans von. 1866-1936. German general. Secretly rebuilt army after WWI.

Sickert, Walter. 1860-1942. German/English Impressionist painter.

Siegfried. Dragon slayer of German legend.

Siegfried Line. 1937-40 German fortifications on western frontier = West Wall. Also, part of Hindenburg Line.

Siemens, Werner von. 1816-92. German engineer. Dynamo 1867. Electric Locomotive 1879.

Sigismund. 1368-1437. King of Hungary 1387-, Germans 1411-, Lombardy 1431-, HRE 1433-. Helped end Schism. Executed Huss.

Silesia. c300BC Vandal. c4C Slav. 11C Polish. 1163 Divided. 13C German colony/Tatars invade. 1335 Bohemia. 15C Divided. 1526 Hapsburg. 1675 Bohemia. 1694 Austria. 1742 Prussia. 1921 Czechoslovakia/Poland/Germany. 1938/9 German. 1945 Poland/GDR.

Slovenia. Balkans. 6C Slovenes settle. 748 Franks dominate. 9C Franks split...German kingdom. 1335 Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Smolensk. Victories of Napoleon 1812, Germans 1941.

Social Democratic Party. 1863. Oldest German political party. Marxist to 1959. Now less radical.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Spener, Philipp. 1635-1705. German founder of Pietism.

Spengler, Oswald. 1880-1936. German historian of cultural cycles: Decline of the West 1918-22.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

Steel, Pact of. 1939-43. Germany-Italy mutual aid. Axis.

Steiner, Jakob. 1796-1863. Swiss/German mathematician. Pioneered synthetic geometry.

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