Louis. The Child. 893-911. Last Carolingian German King, 899-.

Louis. The Younger. c830-882. Carolingian German King 876-. Acquired Lotharingia.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Louis IV. c1283-1347. German king 1314-. Holy Roman Emperor, 1328-. German electors overrule Pope to make him Emperor.

Luckner, Felix. 1886-1966. German naval officer. Attacked commercial vessels in WWII.

Lusitania. 1915. British passenger ship sunk by German U-boat. Led to US joining WWI. 1198 lost.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Mandate, League of Nations. Territory controlled by outside power. E.g. ex-German colonies, non-Turkish ex-Ottoman lands. 1946- UN Trusteeship.

Mann, Thomas. 1875-1955. German/US novelist. Opposed Nazism. Buddenbrooks 1900. Magic Mountain 1927. Death in Venice 1929. Dr Faustus.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Marggraf, Andreas. 1709-82. German. Sugar in beets, 1747.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

Maximilian I. 1756-1825. Bavarian king 1806-. Allied with Napoleon. Consolidated Bavaria. Opposed German unification.

Mazurian Lakes, Battles. 1914,15. 325,000 Russian casualties by Germany.

Melanchthon, Philip. 1497-1560. German Lutheran theologian educationist. Dogmatic Protestant 1521, introduced term. Augsburg Confession 1530. Ethics 1538.

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