Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hesse, Hermann. 1877-1962. German/Swiss writer of psychological, mystical. Siddharta 1922. Steppenwolf 1927. Magister Ludi 1943.

Hessians. German mercenaries fighting for Britain in American Revolution.

Heuss, Theodor. 1884-1963. First President of German Federal Republic, 1949-59.

Hilbert, David. 1862-1943. German number theorist. Hilbert Space.

Himmler, Heinrich. 1900-45. German Gestapo and SS head. Concentration camps. Suicide after Allied capture.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hindenburg. German zeppelin, explodes 1937 in New Jersey, kills 36.

Hindenburg, Paul von. 1847-1934. Commander in Chief of the German armies 1916-18. President of Weimar Republic 1925-. Appointed Hitler chancellor 1933.

Hindenburg Line. 1917. German army’s Western Front. Breached 1918.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Hoffmann, August. 1798-1874. German poet. Deutschland über alles 1841.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

Hohenstaufen. German dynasty. Ruled Holy Roman Empire 1138-1254. Welfs.

Hohenzollern. German family which ruled Prussia 1415-1918, united Germany 1871-1918. Kings of Romania 1866-1947.

Holbein, Hans, the Elder. 1465-1524. German painter. Altar pieces. Rich color, balance.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

Hölderlin, Friedrich. 1770-1843. German classic Romantic poet. Elegies 1800.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Honecker, Erich. 1912-94. East German President 1971-89.

Humboldt, Alexander von. 1769-1859. German naturalist, ecologist.

Humperdinck, Engelbert. 1854-1921. German composer. Hansel and Gretel 1893.

Hungary. Celts, Ilyrians. Pannonia. 14BC Rome. Germans, Asians. c600 Avars. c800 Franks. 892-1301 Arpad-Magyars. 1001 Christian monarch. 1241 Mongols invade. 1526 Turks invade. 1664 Ottoman 1699 Hapsburg. 1848-9 Republic. 1866 Dual Monarchy. 1918 Republic. 1949 People’s Republic. 1990 Democratic.

Husserl, Edmund. 1859-1938. German philosopher. Phenomenology.

Idealism, German. 18C. Pre-Romantic movement.

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