Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

Frankfurt Assembly. 1848-9. Adopted constitution, basis of North German Confederation 1867.

German Confederation. 1815-66. 39 states allied for mutual defence. Dominated by Austria.

Germany. HRE. 1806 Confederation of Rhine. 1815 German Confederation. 1818 Zollverein. 1866 -Austria =North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Weimar Republic. 1933 Third Reich. 1949 German Democratic Republic(E), Federal Republic of Germany(W). 1990 re-united.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Adelung, Johann. 1732-1806. German scholar; helped standardize language.

Adenauer, Konrad. 1876-1967. First chancellor of German Federal Republic., 1949-63. Stabilized postwar Germany.

Admiral Graf Spee. -1939. German battleship def by British, scuttled at Montevideo.

Agadir Crisis. 1911. French/German crisis by German manoevres off Morocco.

Agricola, Johann. 1494-1566. German Protestant reformer and Antinomianist.

Alamein, El, Battles of. 1942. Montgomery defeats Rommel, saving Egypt from Germans.

Alboin. -572. Germanic Lombard King. Allied Germanic tribes and conquered N Italy.

Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Angles. Germanic tribe that invaded Britain in 6C. Jutes. Saxons.

Anglo-Saxons. Group of Germanic tribes that invaded Britain in 5C. Ruled to 1066. Angles. Heptarchy.

Anglo-Soviet Agreement. 1941. 20 year pledge against Nazi Germany and Axis powers.

Anschluss. Austrian “reunification” with Germany, 1938 by plebiscite-99.75% for.

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