Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

Wood, Grant. 1892-1942. US midwest regionalist painter. American Gothic 1930.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

Zephyr. Greek mythological west wind.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

African Colonization. 1840-1920. 15C Portuguese exploration. 1884-1920 Africa divided by European powers. 1950- anti-colonial mvmts.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Africanus Sextus. c180-250. Wrote chronology of World, Creation to 221 AD.

Afrikaans. Dutch-derived language of South Africa.

Apartheid. 1948-1994. Racial segregation in South Africa.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Australopithecus. Hominid ancestor to man, discovered in Africa. Lived 1 to 5 million years ago.

Bandung Conference. 1955. 29 Asian and African countries oppose colonialism, promote peace.

Bantu. Language of 60M natives in Southern Africa.

Barbary. 16-19C. Name given to North African coast. Berbers.

Barnard, Christian. 1922-2001. South African surgeon-first human heart transplant 1967.

Bedouin. Nomadic N African tribes.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Boer War. 1899-1902. British defeat Boer Republic in South Africa. Vereeniging.

Boers. 17-19C Dutch settlers in South Africa. Great Trek.

Bokassa. 1921-96. Central African Republic dictator 1966-79. Overthrew Dacko, who was restored by France.

Botha, Louis. 1862-1919. First Prime Minister 1910- of South Africa.

British East Africa. 1888. Former protectorates. Kenya, Uganda, Zanzibar, Tanganyika.

Bruce, James. 1730-94. African explorer 1768-73.

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