Voodoo. Carribean religious cult of ritual and magic. Synthesis of African rites and French Roman Catholicism.

Vuillard, Édouard. 1868-1940. French Nabis Intimist artist. Interiors. Woman Sweeping 1892.

Walking Purchase. 1737. Americans cheat Indians in buying Delaware land by running instead of walking to determine land size. French-Indian Wars 1754-63.

Walloon. French dialect of south Belgium. Flemings.

Walter the Penniless. -1097. French knight. Led Peasants’ Crusade with Peter the Hermit.

Wandiwash, Battle. 1760. British defeat French at Madras. French leave India.

Watteau, Antoine. 1684-1721. French painter known for color and naturalism. Embarcation for Cythera 1717.

Wattignies, Battle. 1793. Inexperienced French army defeats professional Austrians. French Revolution.

Weil, Simone. 1909-43. French mystic philosopher. Gravity and Grace 1947.

Weygand, Maxime. 1867-1965. French general. Foch’s Chief of Staff. Advised Pétain capitulation. WWI.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

XYZ Affair. 1797. US attack French ships after refusing to bribe ministers. Settled 1800. French Revolutionary Wars.

Yersin, Alexander. 1863-1943. Swiss/French. Developed serum for bubonic plague.

Yorktown, Siege. 1781. British surrender to American and French forces. American Revolution.

Yourcenar, Marguerite. 1903-87. French writer; First woman in Académie Française.

Zadkine, Ossip. 1890-1967. Russian/French cubist sculptor. Musicians 1924. Christ 1939. Destroyed City 1951.

Zehrfuss. French architect: UNESCO bldg.

Zola, Emile. 1840-1902. French “scientific” novelist: Nana 1880. Dreyfus supporter. Realist. Founded Naturalist Movement. Thérèse Raquin 1867. J’accuse 1898.

Zouaves. 1831-71. French African infantry. Algeria. Crimean War.

AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. AFL 1886. CIO 1935. Merged, 1955. US labour union federation.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Anne. 1665-1714. British Queen 1702-. Reign notable for literarature, science, architecture. Last Stuart. Acts of Union, Settlement.

Anne of Bretagne. 1477-1514. Wife of Charles VIII, 1491, then of Louis XII, 1499. Began union of Brittany with France.

Anti-Socialist Law. 1878-90. Germans ban unions.

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