Frémont, John. 1813-90. US pioneer, Governor of CA, First senator 1856. First Republican Presidential candidate.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Irish War. 1919-21. IRA fights for indepence. Irish Free State.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Levellers. 1645-50. English Civil War republican democratic party. Sought religious, political equality and end to monarchy.

Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-65. US Republican president 1861-. Civil War. Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated. Booth.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Mazzini, Giuseppe. 1805-72. Genoa republican for Italian unity. Founded Young Italy 1831. Led Rome Republic 1849.

Mugwumps. 1884. US Republican reform faction. In England, politically neutral voters.

National Republican Party. 1825-36. US Adams supporters. Merged into Whigs.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Philippi, Battle. 42BC. Antony and Octavian beat republicans Brutus and Cassius.

Progressive Party. 1912,24 Dissident US Republicans. 1948 Dissident Democrats.

Radical Republicans. 1860-77. Anti-slavery faction of US Republican Party. Abolitionists.

Reagan, Ronald. 1911-2004. US actor, Republican President 1981-9. Tax reform. Strong economy. Aid to Nicaragua Contras. Irangate scandal. Fall of Soviet Empire.

Renner, Karl. 1870-1950. Austrian republican leader and president. Supported union with Germany before WWII.

Republican Party. 1792 Jefferson’s agrarian party. 1820 Whigs. 1854. Anti-slavery party. Lincoln. = Grand Old Party. vs Democratic Party.

Republican People’s Party. Turkey 1923-50. Founded by Ataturk.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Scalawags. White southern Republicans who supported Reconstruction.

Sinn Fein. 1905. (=Ourselves Alone). Irish Nationalist movement. 1916 uprising. Founded Irish Free State. Legalized as political party in Northern Ireland, 1974. Political wing of IRA. De Valera.

Terrorism. Zealots. Cagoulards. Baader-Meinhof. Irish Republican Army. Hamas. PLO. Osama. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Whig. 1834-54. US political party. Divided over slavery, most became Republican.

Caesar, Julius. 100-44BC. Roman general. 58BC conquered Gaul. 55BC Invaded Britain. 49BC Crossed Rubicon. Established Julian calendar. de Bello Gallico 51BC. Assassinated.

Christian Era. 1 AD to present. Jewish Era. Muhammadan Era. Julian Calendar.

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