Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Torres Vedras, Lines. 1808-14. Fortifications protect Portugal from French invasion.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois. c1743-1803. Haitian rebel. Helped French expel Britain, Spain. Emancipated slaves. Established black governed French protectorate.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Transportation. Removal of criminals to a distant place. 1783-1868 British send 160,000 to Australia. 1854-1946. French send to French Guiana. 1710- Russia banishes to Siberia.

Tricolour. 1789. French flag. Fleur de lys.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

Troyes, Treaty. 1420. Recognized English claim to French throne. Resisted by Dauphin.

Truffaut, François. 1932-84. French New Wave film director. Fahrenheit 451 1966.

Tuileries, Storming of. 1792 Massacre of Swiss Guards. King’s authority suspended. French Revolution.

Tunisia. Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia. 814 BC Carthage established. 146BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 534 Byzantine. 698 Moslem = Ifrikiya(...Africa). 1574 Ottoman. 1705 Autonomous. Barbary Pirates. 1881 French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Bourguiba.

Turckheim, Battle. 1675. French recapture Alsace from Austria in Dutch War.

Turgot, Robert. 1727-81. French Physiocrat. Finance Minister 1774-6.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Ultraroyalists. 19C. French advocates of increased powers for Louis XVIII.

Valéry, Paul. 1871-1945. French poet. La Jeune Parque 1917.

Valmy. Last French navy sailing ship.

Valmy, Battle. 1792. French revolutionaries defeat Austria-Prussia invasion.

Valois. 1328-1589. Second Capetian French dynasty. Tudor.

Van Loo, Carl. 1705-65. French Rococo portrait painter.

Varèse, Edgard. 1883-1965. French composer of dissonant electronic music. Hyperprism 1923.

Vasarely, Victor. 1908-97. Hungarian/French Op art kinetic painter.

Vauban, Sébastien de. 1633-1707. French military engineer. Invented trenches 1673, socket bayonet 1688.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

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