Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Malraux, André. 1901-76. French novelist. La Condition Humaine 1933. Museum Without Walls 1967.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

Marat, Jean-Paul. 1743-1793. Bloodthirsty French revolutionary, murdered by Charlotte Corday.

Marcel, Étienne. 1316-58. French draper who led unsuccessful Paris revolt vs Dauphin Charles V, 1355-8, while John II captured by English. Assassinated.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marie Antoinette. 1755-93. Daughter of Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa, Queen Consort to Louis XVI. Guillotined for seeking US aid vs French Revolution. -“Let them eat cake”.

Marignano, Battle. 1515. French defeat Swiss mercenaries, conquer Milan.

Mariotte, Edme. 1620-84. French physicist. Law of compressibility of gases 1676, =Boyle’s Law.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marmousets. Advisers to French Charles V and VI.

Marquette, Jacques. 1637-75. French explorer of Mississippi, 1673. Joliet.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Martin, St. c316-97. Bishop of Tours. Introduced monasticism to France. French patron saint.

Massenet, Jules. 1842-1912. French opera composer. Manon. Le Cid 1885.

Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Matisse, Henri. 1869-1954. French painter in Fauvist style. Coined “cubism” 1908. Red Studio 1911.

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