Freedmen’s Bureau. 1865-72. US agency to help freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Freemasons. Secret fraternal organization based on guilds, chivalry, religious orders. 1717 London Grand Lodge.

Friedman, Milton. 1912-. Monetarist economist. Demand is mainly a function of money supply. Keynes. Laissez-faire. Capitalism and Freedom 1962.

Gabon. Mpongwe. 1485 Portugal. 1839 France 1889 «Congo. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1940 Free France. 1946 French Territory. 1960 Independent republic.

General Strike. UK 1926, TUC supports miners for 9 days. Belgium 1893, 1902, for male suffrage. Sweden 1909, vs wage freeze for 1 month.

German-Soviet Pact. 1939-41. Nonaggression agreement. Divided Poland, Baltic between USSR/Germany. Left Hitler free to invade Poland, starting WWII.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Helsinki Accords. 1975. Human rights, freedom, co-operation. Reduced East-West tensions.

Home Rule Bill. 1914 Separate Irish Parliament. 1920 Government of Ireland Act. Irish Free State.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

ICFTU. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. 1949. Split from WFTU. Represents 70M workers in 89 countries. IFTU.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Ireland. 400BC-100 Celts. 432 Christianity. 8-14C Norse/British invade, settle. 1002 Brian Boru. 1573 English plantations. 1801 United Kingdom. 1921 Irish Free State/Northern Ireland.

Ireland, Republic. 1921 Dominion =Irish Free State. 1937 =Eire. 1949 Republic of Ireland. 1949 leaves Commonwealth.

Irish Free State. 1922-37. = Ireland, Republic of.

Irish Home Rule. 1880-1920. Movement for Irish independence from Britain. Home rule granted 1920...Irish Free State.

Irish Partition. 1921. Irish Free State established; 6 NE counties elect to stay British.

Irish War. 1919-21. IRA fights for indepence. Irish Free State.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Labourers, Statute. 1351. Parliament’s freezing of rising wages after plague leads to Peasants Revolt.

Laissez-Faire. Motto of 19C liberals calling for free markets and trade. Smith. “Laissez-faire, laissez-passer, laissez-aller”-Legendre 1680.

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