Jenkins’ Ear, War. 1739-43. England vs Spain over restrictions of trade with Spanish colonies...War of Austrian Succession. Spanish cut ear, 1731.

Kanagawa, Treaty. 1854. US-Japan trade agreement. Ended Japan’s isolationism 1639-. Perry.

Manuel I. 1469-1521. Portuguese king 1495-. Overseas expansion and trade.

Mercantilism. 16-18C. Economic policy opposed to Adam Smith’s. Regulation of industry and trade. Large armies. Wealth of nation is its gold.

Merchants of the Steelyards. -1598. German traders in London.

Merritt, William. 1793-1862. Upper Canada trade promoter. Welland Canal 1824-9.

Muromachi Period. 1338-1573. Japanese Ashikaga shoguns. Prosperity, foreign trade, Zen Buddhism.

Muscovy Company. 1555-1698. English company with monopoly on Russian trade. First joint-stock.

Nabataeans. -105. Arab people who taxed Syria/Arabia trade route.

Nanking Peace. 1842. Opium War. Britain gains Hong Kong. Trade opened.

Navigation Acts. 14-19C. Limited trade to England and colonies to British ships.

Nerchinsk, Treaty. 1689. Russia-China trade agreement. China recognizes Russia.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Peisistratus. -527BC. Athenian Tyrant 560BC~. Attacked Ionia. Supported external trade, arts.

Periander. Corinthian tyrant c627-586BC. Trade and art expansion.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Prud’hommes, Councils. Medieval French trade tribunals revived by Napoleon.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Samoa. Melanesians. 1722 Dutch explore. 1830 British settle. 1856 German trade. 1899 Germany(W)/ USA(E) becomes Western Samoa, American Samoa.

Sao Tomé and Principe. 1470 Portugal discovers. 15C Convicts, exiled Jews settle. Important in slave trade. 1951 Portugal Overseas Province. 1975 Independent.

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