Turckheim, Battle. 1675. French recapture Alsace from Austria in Dutch War.

Turgot, Robert. 1727-81. French Physiocrat. Finance Minister 1774-6.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Ultraroyalists. 19C. French advocates of increased powers for Louis XVIII.

Valéry, Paul. 1871-1945. French poet. La Jeune Parque 1917.

Valmy. Last French navy sailing ship.

Valmy, Battle. 1792. French revolutionaries defeat Austria-Prussia invasion.

Valois. 1328-1589. Second Capetian French dynasty. Tudor.

Van Loo, Carl. 1705-65. French Rococo portrait painter.

Varèse, Edgard. 1883-1965. French composer of dissonant electronic music. Hyperprism 1923.

Vasarely, Victor. 1908-97. Hungarian/French Op art kinetic painter.

Vauban, Sébastien de. 1633-1707. French military engineer. Invented trenches 1673, socket bayonet 1688.

Vendée, Wars. French Royalist uprisings of 1793,4,9, 1815,32.

Verdun. 1916. Battle in which French repulsed the Germans. 750,000 casualties.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Verlaine, Paul. 1844-96. French pre-Symbolist lyric poet. Parnasse Contemporain 1866. Bonne Chanson 1870.

Verne, Jules. 1828-1905. French Science Fiction fantasy writer. Voyage to the Centre of the Earth 864. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 1870. Round the World in 80 Days 1873.

Vernier, Pierre. 1580-1637. French inventor of graduated precision scale.

Verona Congress. 1822. Last Holy Alliance congress. Authorized French intervention in Spanish revolution. British opposed intervention in New Spain. Failure of Congress System.

Vervins, Treaty. 1598. Spain withdraws support of French Catholic League. Ends Franco-Spanish War. Spanish acquisitions returned to France.

Viau, Théophile. 1590-1626. French pre-Classical poet, dramatist. Pyramus and Thisbe 1623.

Vidocq, François. 1775-1857. French adventurer, petty criminal. Organizer of Police de Sûreté. Thieves 1837.

Viet Minh. 1941-51. Communist nationalist coalition vs French in Vietnam.

Viète, François. 1540-1603. French mathematician, algebraic notation. Equation theory.

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