Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orpheus. Mythical Greek poet. Tamed animals with lyre. Music charmed underworld gods in bid to free wife.

Peelites. 19C Free Trade Conservatives under Peel, Aberdeen.

Pelagius. c354-c425. Welsh monk. Held heretical view that God rewards the virtuous. Free will, no original sin vs Determinism. Pelagians.

Perfectionism. 19C. Conversion means freedom from all sin. Noyes. Oneida.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Plotinus. 205-270. Greek philosopher. His Neoplatonism influenced Islam, Christianity. Quest for Good through intelligence. “Creation is fall from God. Evil is the nature of man. Good is freedom from senses.”

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Poznán Riots. 1956. Polish workers strike for bread and freedom. 53 killed by Russian troops. Led to new regime, Hungarian Uprising.

Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Prometheus. Titan who made man of clay and gave him life, stole fire from the gods for him. Chained to a rock to have an eagle eat his liver daily. Freed by Hercules.

Quesnay, François. 1694-1774. French economist, Physiocrat. “Laissez-faire” is a natural divinely appointed law. Tableau Économique 1758 -systematic study of political economy. Can maximize social satisfaction under free competition.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

Renaissance Music. c16C. Freer, flexible polyphony; steady, predictable rhythm. Palestrina. Gabrieli. English madrigals.

Rights, Bill of. 1791. First 10 amendments to US constitution. Freedom of religion, right to due process, counsel, bear arms, no self incrimination, cruel or unusual punishment, etc.

Rights of Man, Declaration. 1789. Preamble to 1791 French constitution. Guaranteed representation, equality before law, property, freedom of religion, press, speech.

Romantic. Period of music. c1800-1910. Sought freedom of expression. Instrumental virtuoso. Berlioz. Liszt. Schubert. Schumann.

Roosevelt, Franklin. 1882-1945. US president 1933-45. New Deal 1933-. Pacifist until Pearl Harbor. Four Freedoms.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1905-80. French existentialist philosopher: L’Etre et le Néant 1943. Social responsibility of freedom. (refused).

Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1792-1822. English lyric poet. Advocated freedom of thought. Prometheus Unbound 1820.

Sierra Leone. 1462 Portugal discovers. 16C Slave source. 1786 British freed slave colony. 1788 British Crown Colony. 1961 Independent.

26 more results ...