John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

Langtry, Lily. 1853-1929. English beauty/actress. Favourite of Edward VII as Prince of Wales.

Lincoln, Battle. 1217. Henry III defeats nobles supporting Louis VIII of France.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XVII. 1785-95. Nominal French king during Revolution.

Louis XVIII. 1755-1824. Bourbon. Restored to French throne by Allies 1814-. Advisory Parliament. Ultraloyalists.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Mary Tudor. 1496-1533. Daughter of Henry VII, married Louis XII of France.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

More, Thomas. 1477-1535. English humanist, statesman. Utopia 1516, described ideal cooperative democracy. Executed by Henry VIII for opposing Act of Supremacy. Catholic saint.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

Parr, Catherine. 1512-48. Sixth and last wife of Henry VIII.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Praguerie. 1440. French nobles rebel vs Charles VII.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Ptolemy XV. Caesarion. 47-30BC. Egyptian king 44-. Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Killed by Octavian.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Restoration Period. England 1660-88. Charles II, James II. France 1814~30. Louis XVIII, Charles X.

Richard III. 1452-85. King of England 1483-. Murdered (?) nephews in tower. Killed at Bosworth by Henry VII, ending War of Roses.

Robert of Geneva. Clement VII, Antipope.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Seymour, Jane. 1509-37. Third wife of Henry VIII. Died after giving birth to Edward VI.

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