Pulitzer, Joseph. 1847-1911. Hungarian/US publisher. Endowed prize awarded since 1917.

Purge. 1936-8. Stalin’s trials to eliminate political rivals with fabricated charges. 3 million dead. Executions, forced labour, internal exile.

Radowitz, Joseph von. 1797-1853. Prussian. Worked for unified Germany.

Rákosi, Mátyás. 1892-1971. Stalinist Hungarian leader 1945-56. Fled before 1956 uprising.

Rakovsky, Khristian. 1873-?. Russian Communist leader. Opposed Stalin. Imprisoned 1938.

Right Opposition. 1928-29. Communists opponents of Stalin within Central Committee.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Scaliger, Joseph. 1540-1609. Classical scholar. Founded science of chronology.

Scheele, Carl. 1742-86. Sweden. Discovered oxygen 1771/2, independent of Priestley. Chlorine gas 1774.

Secret Speech. 1956. Khrushchev call for destalinization in USSR leads to Hungarian, Polish uprisings.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Sieyès, Joseph. 1748-1836. French abbé. What is the Third Estate? called for democracy 1789. Drafted Declaration of the Rights of Man. Helped organize Napoleon’s coup.

Slansky Trial. 1952. Jewish Czech communists purged during Stalin anti-semitism. Those executed were restored to party membership 1968.

Smith, Joseph. 1805-44. US Founder of Mormonism. Wrote Book of Mormon by divine revelation 1830. Murdered.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Strauss, Joseph. 1870-1938. Golden Gate Bridge 1937.

Tariff Reform League. 1903-6. Chamberlain presses for Imperial Preference.

Tascher de la Pagerie. Joséphine.

Thomson, Joseph. 1856-1940. English discoverer that cathode rays are electrons 1897.

Tito, Josip Broz. 1892-1980. Yugoslav WWII Partisan leader. Led government 1945-. President 1953-, for life 1974-. Defied Stalin 1948.

Trotsky. Lev Bronstein. 1879-1940. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, with Lenin anti-Stalin. “Worldwide Permanent Revolution”-socialism in Russia requires revolution everywhere. Favoured International Communism over Stalin’s Russian nationalism. Organized First Soviet 1905. Twice banished to Siberia by Czar. 1918 War Commissar...Red Army. Banished by Stalin 1929. Murdered in exile in Mexico.

Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Yezhovshchina. 1936-8. Stalin’s Purge led by NKVD chief Yezhovshchina.

Zinoviev, Grigori. 1883-1936. Russian triumvir with Stalin, Kamenev 1919-26. Executed in Purge. COMINTERN chairman 1919-.