San Francisco, Conference. 1945. Signing of United Nations charter.

San Francisco, Peace. 1951. Japanese 1854 borders restored.

Santander, Francisco. 1792-1840. Ally of Bolivar. President of New Granada 1833-7.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Civil War. 1936-9. Germany and Italy aid Fascist Franco’s revolt against the Republic, which surrenders after 1M die. International Brigades. A cause of WWII. Guernica.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Throckmorton, Francis. 1554-84. Led failed conspiracy vs Elizabeth I to restore Roman Catholicism.

United Nations. UN. 1945. Charter signed by 50 nations at San Francisco. To safeguard world peace and protect human rights. Most countries members now. 15 agencies for education, relief. Trusteeship .

Utopia. Imaginary ideal state. More. Bacon. Plato.

U-2 Incident. 1960. US spy plane shot down over USSR. Summit cancelled. Pilot Powers traded for Russian spy Abel 1962.

Violencia. 1948-62. Spain under Franco. 1946-64. Colombian repression. 200,000 dead.

Watson, James. 1928-. US discoverer of DNA structure 1953 with Crick.

Xavier, St. Francis. 1506-52. One of First Jesuits. Apostle to Asia 1540-.

Yalta Conference. 1945. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin. Decided partition of Europe after WWII. USSR enters war vs Japan. Potsdam. San Francisco Peace.

Yerba Buena. 1776-1846. Spanish mission...San Francisco.

Zurbaran, Francisco de. 1598-1664. Spanish religious Baroque tenebrist painter. Monk 1630.

Albee, Edward. 1928-. US playwright. Pulitzer-Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962.

Alien Registration Act. 1940. Outlaws advocating violent overthrow of US government. Extended to include all advocates of Communism. McCarthy.

Banks, Joseph. 1743-1820. English botanist with Cook’s explorations.

Bara, Joseph. 1779-93. French Republican child hero.

Barlaam. Legendary monk who converted Indian King Josephat to Christianity.

Beria, Laurenty. 1899-1953. Soviet commisar in charge of Stalin’s security police 1938-.

Black, Joseph. 1728-99. French/Scottish chemist. Latent heat 1757. CO2.

Bonaparte, Joseph. 1768-1844. King of Naples 1806-8. King of Spain 1808-13. Napoleon’s brother.

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