Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 1438-61. France limits power of pope.

Prairial, Law of 22. 1794. France allowed only acquital or death penalty in trials. Terror.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Provence. 6C BC Greeks settle. 121BC Rome. 5C Visigoth/Burgundy...Ostrogoth. 6C Frank. 1246 Angevin. 1486 France.

Public Safety, Committee. 1793-4. Ruled France during Terror.

Quadruple Alliance. 1718. Austria, France, Britain, Dutch Republic. Defeated Spain’s attack on Sicily. 1813,15. Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia. Enforced Treaty of Paris. 1834 France, Britain, Portugal, Spain. Supported Isabella II vs Carlist claims.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Ramillies, Battle. 1706. Churchill wins most of Belgium for Britain from France.

Rastatt, Congress of. 1713. After War of Spanish Succession, Holy Roman Empire renounces claim to Spanish throne. 1797-9. Failed at peace between France and HRE.

Redi, Francesco. 1626-97. Italian naturalist. Maggots from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation, 1668.

Regency. France. 1715-23. Philippe, duc d’Orléans regent for Louis XV.

Registers, Parish. 1308 France. 1538 England.

Renaudot, Théophraste. 1586-1653. Physician to Louis XIII. Huguenot. Founder of first periodical, Gazette de France 1631.

Resistance. WWII underground paramilitary groups in German-occupied countries, notably France. Partisans. Maquis.

Restoration Period. England 1660-88. Charles II, James II. France 1814~30. Louis XVIII, Charles X.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

R101. 1930. British airship, world’s largest, crashed in France.

Ruhr. German steel region. Occupied by France 1923-30. Heavily bombed in WWII.

Russell, Frances. 1593-1641. Covent Garden market.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Savoy. 1034- Noble dynasty of France, Switzerland. Italian kings 1861-1946.

Savoy. 1048 Duchy founded by Humbert I. 1056 +Piedmont. 1720 +Sardinia -Sicily = Kingdom of Sardinia. 1792 French. 1814 Sardinia. 1815 +Genoa. 1860 France.

Saxons. 5C. Germanic people colonized France, England. 8C Widerkind defeated by Charlemagne on continent.

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