Gauls. Celtic peoples. Settled France by 5C BC.

Genoa. Ligurian. 3C BC Rome...Byzantine. 641 Lombard. 12C Republic. 13C Empire. 14-15C Decline. 1797 France 1814 «Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Genoa, Conference. 1922. European and Commonwealth nations can’t agree on methods to rebuild Russia. France insists on loan repayment.

Gold Standard. 1821-1937. Definition of national currencies in terms of gold purchasing power. Ended: 1931 Britain, 1933 USA, 1936 France. Friedman. Bretton Woods.

Great Fear. 1789. Peasants refuse to pay taxes, prepare for aristocrats’ attack in rural France.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Guesclin, Bertrand du. c1320-80. French military leader, 100 Years’ War. Expelled English from France.

Guise, Charles de. 1524-74. Cardinal. Brought Inquisition to France.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Haig, Douglas. 1861-1928. British Commander-in-Chief France 1915-19. War of Attrition.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Hanover, Treaty. 1725. England, France, Prussia oppose Vienna Treaty.

Henry IV. of Navarre. 1553-1610. King of France 1589-. Converted to Catholicism. Edict of Nantes protected Protestant rights. ’Reign of Rebuilding’. Assassinated by Ravaillac. Margaret of France.

Henry V. 1387-1422. King of England 1413-. Claimed France. Victor at Agincourt. Treaty of Troyes.

Henry VI. 1421-71. King of England and France 1422-61, 70-1. Founded King’s College Cambridge, Eton. Lost France except Calais. Weakness led to War of Roses. Deposed.

Holy Leagues. 1495 Repelled French invasion of Italy. 1511 Forced France from Italy. 1520 Spanish cities vs HRE. 1526 Failed to force HRE from Italy. 1538 Opposed Schmalkaldic League. 1571 vs Turks. 1576 Opposed Protestantism in France. 1609 vs Protestant Union. 1684 vs Ottomans.

Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Hydrogen Bomb. Thermonuclear or H-Bomb. 1952 US. 1953 USSR. 1957 Britain. 1968 France. 1971 China. 1974 India. ? Israel. Atomic Bomb.

Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

James II. 1633-1701. King of Great Britain 1685-8. Exiled 1689- in France. Supported Catholics. Bloody Assizes. Glorious Revolution overthrew him.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

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