Golden Gate Bridge. 1937. San Francisco.

Golden Hind. Drake’s flagship; only one to finish circumnavigation.

Golden Spurs, Battle. 1302. Courtrai, Belgium. Flemish craftsmen defeat French troops.

Goldman, Emma. 1869-1940. Russian/US anarchist. Deported from US, 1919.

Goncourt, Edmond. 1822-96. French novelist. Renée Mauperin. Created Goncourt literature prize.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gottfried von Strassbourg. 13C. German poet. Tristan and Isolde.

Goujon, Jean. 1510-68. French sculptor. Fontaine des Innocents 1548/9.

Gounod, Charles. 1818-93. French composer: Faust 1859.

Gowon, Yakubu. 1934-. Ruled Nigeria 1966-75. Defeated Biafra. Reunited country.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Grand Alliance, War of. 1689-97. Spain, Sweden, England, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs French expansionism. Negotiated Peace. King William’s War. Namur. Augsburg League.

Grandfather Clause. -1915. S US states limited vote to those enfranchised by 1866/7.

Grands Rhétoriqueurs. 15-16C. French poets. Deschamps, DeMachaut.

Gravelines, Battle. 1558. Spanish defeat French.

Great Fear. 1789. Peasants refuse to pay taxes, prepare for aristocrats’ attack in rural France.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greene, Robert. c1558-92. English dramatist. Friar Bacon and Friar Burgay c1591.

Gregory XI. 1329-78. Pope 1370-. Moved Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Gregory of Tours, St. c538-94. French bishop. Wrote History of the Franks.

Grenada. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1651 French colony. 1763 English. 1876 Crown Colony. 1958 Fed of West Indies. 1967 Self-government. 1983 US invades to prevent Marxist insurrection.

Grillparzer, Franz. 1791-1872. Austrian playwright. The Ancestress 1817. Sappho 1818.

Gringo. 1847. Mexican pejorative for American. From “Green grow the rushes, oh”, sung during Mexican War.

Grolier, Jean. 1479-1565. French collector of 3000 book library.

Gros, Antoine. 1771-1835. French painter of Napoleon’s military career.

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