Apartheid. 1948-1994. Racial segregation in South Africa.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1880-1918. Italian/French avant-garde poet, coined term Surrealism to describe Chagall work.

Appert, Nicolas. c1752-1841. French inventor of preservation by canning.

Appian Way. 312BC. Appius Claudius’ road from Rome to Brindisi.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Aquitaine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 507 Franks. 700 Independent. 1137 French. 1152 English 1453 French.

Arago, François. 1786-1853. French astronomer and physicist. Magnetism, light.

Aragon, Louis. 1897-1982. French Romantic poet + Communist.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Armagnac. Former county of southwest France, now Gascogne. 960 Independent. 1360 English. 1607 France.

Armagnacs. Fought Burgundians for control of France through Charles VI regency 1395-1435. Arras.

Arminianism. 17C-. Christian movement. Free-will is compatible with God’s sovereignty.

Arms, Assize of. 1181. Forced Brit. free men to acquire arms.

Arp, Hans. 1887-1966. French Dada artist.

Arras, Treaty. 1435. Burgundy recognized French throne.

Arsonval, Arsène d’. 1851-1940. French doctor and physicist. Electricity in body mvmt.

Artois. 5C Franks. 9C Flanders. 1180 France 1329 Burgundy, Austria. 1659 France.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Assignats. French legal tender, 1789-96. Overissue caused inflation. Became worth 1% of face value.

Assyria. 30C-612BC. Empire from Egypt to Iran.

Aston, Francis. 1877-1945. English physicist. Mass spectrograph.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Aubigné, Agrippa d’. 1552-1630. French satirical writer and poet: Tragiques.

Augsburg League. 1686-9. Holy Roman Empire and allies vs France. Replaced by Grand Alliance.

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