Éluard, Paul. 1895-1952. French surrealist poet.

Élysée Palace. 1718. Site of Napoleon’s abdication 1815. French president’s residence since 1873.

Emancipation Act. 1833. Freed slaves in British Empire.

Emancipation Edict. 1861. Freed Russian serfs. Gave land allotment, paid by loans.

Emancipation Proclamation. 1863. Lincoln frees all slaves in Confederacy.

Émigrés. Royalist sympathizers who fled France during Revolution.

Empire. First. France under Napoleon I 1804-14. 2nd. Napoleon III, 1852-70.

Empire. Style of Art. 1804-14. Classical heroic grandiose trend from Napoleon’s court. Arc de Triomphe, 1806.

Empire of the East. 286-1453. Eastern Roman Empire ruled from Byzantium. =Byzantine Emp.

Empiricism. Philosophy maintaining that all valid human knowledge is gained from experience.

Ems Dispatch. 1870. Bismarck alters telegram from Wilhelm, causing Franco-Prussian War.

Encyclical, Papal. Letter from Pope to RC Church.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Enlightenment. 17-18C. Intellectual movement. Rationalism, natural laws vs dogma, authority. J-J Rousseau. Smith. Mendlessohn. Fontenelle. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Hume. Berkeley. Sturm und Drang.

Entente Cordiale. 1904. Anglo-French agreement. Defined spheres of influence in Africa and Pacific allowing co-operation vs Germany.

Épée, Abbé de l’. 1712-89. French educator of deaf-mutes. Natural sign language.

Épinay, Louise d’. 1726-83. French Enlightenment patroness.

Erté, Roman. 1892-1990. Russian/French Art Deco artist.

Esterhazy, Ferdinand. 1847-1923. French. Sold secrets to Germans. Blamed Dreyfus.

Esther. Old Testament Persian Queen. Saved Jews from extinction.

Estrées, Gabrielle d’. 1573-99. Mistress of French Henry IV.

Etaples, Treaty. 1492. England renounces claim to France, except Calais.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Eudes. 860-98. King of France in 888. Defended Paris against the Norse in 885.

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