Calvinism. New concept of work. Diligence, frugality, beyond satisfaction of material needs. Predestination. Strict Rectitude. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Remonstrants.

Cambrai League. 1508-10. Holy Roman Empire, Aragon, France, Rome vs Venice.

Cameron, Verney. 1844-94. English African explorer.

Cameroon. 1472 Portugal explores. 16-19C Slave source. 1884 Germany. 1916 France(E)/Britain(W). 1960 Independent. 1961 NW to Nigeria; SW =Cameroon Republic.

Camisards. 1702-6. French Protestants who rebelled against Catholic persecution.

Camus, Albert. 1913-60. Existentialist absurd French writer: l’Étranger, Caligula.

Canada. 1000 Norse visit. 1497 Cabot explores. 1534 French claim Quebec. 1583 English claim, settle Newfoundland. 1605 French settle Quebec. 1763 British conquer French territory. 1867 Independent Dominion. 1870 +northwest territories. 1871 +British Columbia. 1873 +PEI. 1949 +Newfoundland, Labrador.

Cape Colony. 1806 British colony. South Africa.

Cape Frontier Wars. =Kaffir Wars.

Cape of Good Hope. Bantu. 1652 Dutch. 1814 British Cape Colony. 1910 Province, South Africa.

Capetians. Dynasty that ruled France 987-1328.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Capitalism. System of private ownership of property and industry for profit. Free enterprise. Smith.

Capuchin. 1525. Powerful Franciscan mendicant order of monks.

Caran d’Ache. 1858-1909. Russian/French humorist, cartoonist.

Cardigan, James Brudenell, Earl of. 1797-1868. British General. Led Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson. Crimean War.

Carmelite. 1156- Mendicant friars. 1452- Nuns. 1562 vow of silence.

Carnot, Lazare. 1753-1823. French mathematician. Called “organizer of victory” by Revolutionaries. Member of Directory, Tribunal. Instituted conscription.

Carnot, Sadi. 1796-1832. French discoverer of reversibility of heat and work.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carolingians. French dynasty 751-987. Merovingians. Charlemagne. Holy Roman Empire.

Carracci, Annibale. 1560-1609. It Baroque painter. Palazzo Farnese frescoes 1599-1601.

Carrel, Alexis. 1873-1944. French/US surgeon. Pioneered transplants.

Carson, Kit. 1809-68. US frontier guide.

Cartier, Jacques. 1491-1557. French explorer, discovered St. Lawrence River 1534.

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