Westphalia, Peace of. 1648. Conclusion of the Thirty Years War between Germany, France, and Sweden and Spanish-Dutch 80 Years War. Formal recognition of Swiss independence. Dutch independence. HRE weakened. Religious toleration. Confirmed Augsburg.

Weygand, Maxime. 1867-1965. French general. Foch’s Chief of Staff. Advised Pétain capitulation. WWI.

WFTU. Communist World Federation of Trade Unions. Formed 1945 from IFTU. 1949 Non-Communist ICFTU split off. 2002 vs globalization, privatization.

Wharton, Edith. 1862-1937. US novelist. Ethan Frome 1911. Age of Innocence 1920.

Whitby, Synod. 664. Settled dispute, favoring Roman over Celtic church. Defined Easter date as first Sunday after full moon after vernal equinox. March 22 to April 25. Wilfrid.

Whitehead, Alfred. 1861-1947. English mathematician/philosopher. Metaphysical theory of reality. With Russell wrote Principia Mathematica 1913. Process and Reality 1929.

Whitman, Walt. 1819-92. US freedom poet: Leaves of Grass 1855. Democratic Vistas 1871.

Whittle, Frank. 1903-96. British. Invented jet aircraft 1930 First flown 1941.

Wilderness Road. 1790-1840. Settlers’ route from Virginia to Kentucky.

Wilfrid, St. 634-709. Bishop of York 665-. Urged Roman usages at Whitby Synod.

Wilkes, John. 1725-97. English journalist, MP, rake. Free press champion. Essays on Women 1764. Expelled and reelected MP.

William I. (Wilhelm) 1797-1888. Hohenzollern King of Prussia 1861-. German Empire. 1871-. Supportedf Bismarck vs Austria and France.

William III. 1650-1702. Prince of Orange 1672-. King of England with Mary II 1689-. Ended War of Grand Alliance 1697. Defeated James II at Battle of Boyne, reconquered Ireland 1690. Declared freedom of worship.

William, Willis. 1883-1963. US poet. Pictures from Brueghel. In the American Grain.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1856-1924. US president 1913-21. Idealist. Advocated League of Nations. Prohibition. Women’s vote. Attempted to mediate WWI 1917.

Winifred, St. 7C. Patron saint of North Wales.

Winterhalter, Franz-Xaver. 1805-73. German royal portrait painter. Empress Eugénie 1854.

Wöhler, Friedrich. 1800-82. German. Synthesized urea 1828. Aluminum 1827.

Wolfram von Eschenbach. 1170-1220. German lyric poet. Parsifal 1202.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Woodhull, Victoria. 1838-1927. US reformer. First female presidential candidate 1872. Suffrage, free love advocate.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

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