Mata Hari. 1876-1917. Dutch dancer, courtesan. German spy WWI. Executed by French.

Matisse, Henri. 1869-1954. French painter in Fauvist style. Coined “cubism” 1908. Red Studio 1911.

Maupassant, Guy de. 1850-93. French short story writer: Boule de Suif 1880.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Mauriac, François. 1885-1970. French Roman Catholic author of sombre novels. Thérèse 1927.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

Mauritius. 1505 Portugal discovers. 1598 Dutch settle. 1715 French. 1810 English. 1968 Independent.

Maurras, Charles. 1868-1952. French political theorist. Founded Action Française 1899.

Maximilian. 1832-67. Austrian archduke, Emperor of Mexico 1864-7. Francis-Joseph’s brother.

May Fourth Movement. 1915-21. Chinese intellectuals for modernization, westernization, freedom for women.

Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

Mazepa, Ivan. 1644-1709. Cossack. Fought for Ukraine independence from Poland.

Medieval Music. 476-13C. Church oriented. Evolved from Plainsong to polyphonic.

Mendicant Friars. 13C-. Religious orders depending on alms. Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Carmelites.

Mensheviks. 1903-22. Pacifist minority Social Democratic Workers Party members under Martov split from Bolsheviks. Sought gradual vs revolutionary socialism. Suppressed after October Revolution.

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1908-61. French philosopher blending existentialism, Marxism, phenomenology.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Mers-el-Kébir. 1940 British sink French fleet so Axis can’t seize them. French bomb Gibraltar.

Mersen, Treaty. 870. Divided Lotharingia. Charles II and Louis the German establish French/German frontier.

Mesmer, Friedrich. 1734-1815. Austrian hypnotist. “animal magnetism” 1767. Earliest psychotherapist.

Mesopotamia, Battle. 1914-16. WWI. British advance from Basra to Babylon.

Messiaen, Olivier. 1908-92. Revolutionary French composer. Experimented with Indian music, bird song, complex rhythms, unusual instruments.

Messiah. Redeemer of Christianity, Judaism, Islam who would come from God to save humanity.

Metastasio, Pietro. 1698-1782. Italian librettist for Gluck, Handel, Haydn, Mozart.

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