Abbeville Treaty. 1258. England returns Normandy to France.

Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Abd ar-Rahman. c1779-1859. Sultan of Morocco/Fez, 1822. Fought French, 1844 in Algeria.

Abd el-Kader. 1808-83. Arab emir who fought French 1840-46; founded Algerian state.

Abd el-Krim. 1882-1963. Fought France and Spain in Morocco. Founded Republic of Rif 1921-26.

Abel, Frederick. 1827-1902. English inventor of military explosive cordite with Dewar, 1889.

Abel, Rudolf. 1902-71. Russian spy traded for Powers.

Abélard, Pierre. 1079-c1144. French Conceptualist theologian of Notre-Dame. Advocated discussion vs dogma. Famed love of Héloïse. Accused of heresy 1121. Letters to Heloise 1103. Sic et Non 1132. Theologia.

Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Abortion. Legalized 1968 Britain, 1969 Canada, 1973 USA, 1975 France. Roe v Wade.

Aboukir, Battle. Nelson defeats French fleet, 1798. Napoleon defeats Turks, 1799.

Abstract Expressionism. 1940s New York style of Pollock, Rothko. Spontaneous expression, free of traditional values. Expressionism.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Acadia. 1605 French colony centerd in Nova Scotia. 18C resettled by British.

Achates. Aeneas’ armour bearer and friend in Greek mythology.

Action Française. 1898-1945. French right wing political movement and newspaper.

Ader, Clement. 1841-1926. French aviation engineer. 1890 first plane.

Adler, Alfred. 1870-1937. Austrian psychiatrist. Split with Freud, 1911.

Aelfric. c955-1010. Anglo-Saxon writer. Love of the Saints.

African Colonization. 1840-1920. 15C Portuguese exploration. 1884-1920 Africa divided by European powers. 1950- anti-colonial mvmts.

African National Congress. ANC. 1912-. Organization for black rights in South Africa outlawed to 1990. 1994- Ruling party. Mandela.

Africanus Sextus. c180-250. Wrote chronology of World, Creation to 221 AD.

Afrikaans. Dutch-derived language of South Africa.

Agadir Crisis. 1911. French/German crisis by German manoevres off Morocco.

Agincourt, Battle. 1415. English victory over French during 100 Years War. High French losses.

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