Niemöller, Martin. 1892-1984. German theologian. Opposed Nazis.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Ninety-five Theses. 1517. Document Luther nailed to Wittenburg church door. Began Reformation.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Normans. 9C. Norsemen who settled in northern France, Sicily, Naples, Albania, Thessaloniki.

Northampton, Battle. 1460. War of the Roses. York victory earns right to succeed Henry VI.

Northern Expedition. 1926-8. Kuomintang unify China, purge Communists.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Northern War, First. 1655-60. Sweden vs Poland and allies. Sweden wins Danish territory. Poland renounces claim to Swedish throne.

Northern War, Great. 1700-21. Sweden vs Russia and allies. Ends Sweden’s power, begins Russia’s.

Notre-Dame. Paris Cathedral. 1163-1345. Restored 1841. Prototype of all Gothic cathedrals.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nufer, Jacob. c1500. First successful Caesarian section on living mother.

Numa Pompilius. c715-673BC. Second king of Rome. Organized the ceremony of state.

Nystad, Treaty. 1721. Russia/Sweden. Russia gains window on Baltic. Ends Great Northern War.

Obed. Biblical son of Ruth and Boaz. Grandfather of David.

Oberon. King of the Fairies, from Huon de Bordeaux poem.

Observatory, Paris. 1667-72. Claude Perrault. Dimensions of the solar system 1672, meridians of longitude. Sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

O’Casey, Sean. 1880-1964. Irish Realist playwright: Juno and the Paycock 1924. Plow and the Stars 1926.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Occultism. Belief in supernatural. Astrology, alchemy, spiritualism, theosophy.

Odeon. Athenian place of music and poetry competition. Parisian theater 1728.

Odoacer. c435-93. German who deposed Romulus Augustus 476. Assassinated by Theodoric.

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