Naples. 758BC settled. 326BC Rome. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Sicily. 1282 -Sicily. 1443 +Sicily under Aragon= Two Sicilies. 1799-1806 Parthenopean Republic. 1861 Italy.

Nassau. German family which controlled the Rhine from 12C. One branch was House of Orange.

National Party. 1914. South African Afrikaaner pro-Apartheid, anti-Commonwealth party. In power 1948-94.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Nearchus. -312BC. Macedonian general under Alexander.

Necker, Jacques. 1732-1804. Swiss Finance Minister of France before the Revolution. Compte Rendu 1781. Called Estates General leading to French Revolution. Dismissal led to riots.

Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir. 1858-1943. Russian author/director. Founded Moscow Art Theater with Stanislavsky.

Neoplatonism. 3C Plotinus’ philosophy of the “One”. Union with the “Good” by using intelligence.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Neptune. Roman god of the Sea = Poseidon. Trident.

Nernst, Walther. 1864-1941. German scientist: Third law of thermodynamics. Physical chemistry.

Nero. 37-68. Cruel, licentious Roman Emperor 54-. Persecuted Christians. Killed mother, wife. Blamed for fire, 63. Golden House.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Netherlands, Austrian. 1714-94.

Netherlands, Spanish. 1581-1714. = Belgium, Luxembourg.

Netherlands Guiana. Surinam.

Neumann, John von. 1903-57. Hungarian/US mathematician. Computer theory; serial process. Assisted H-bomb development. Minimax theorem 1928.Theory of Games 1944.

Neville, Ralph. 1364-1425. Aided Henry IV vs Richard II. Grandfather of Edward IV and Richard III.

New Guinea. 1512 Portugal discovers. 1828 Netherlands(W). 1884 Dutch/British(SE)/German(NE). 1906 British part(SE) to Australia. 1921 League of Nations Australian mandate(NE). 1945 Mandate +Papua. 1963 Dutch part(W) to Indonesia. 1975 Papua New Guinea.

New Netherland. 1624-64. Dutch colonies in North America. Captured by British. New Amsterdam.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Ney, Michel. 1769-1815. Marshal under Napoleon. Shot after second Restoration. “Bravest of the brave”-Napoleon.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicias. -413BC. Athenian commander. Syracuse siege.

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