Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hapsburg. Dynasty ruled Austria 1278-1918, Spain 1516-1700, Holy Roman Empire 1273-1806, Netherlands. 1712-97, Hungary 1526~1918.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Harnack, Adolf von. 1851-1930. German theological historian. History of Dogma 1886-9.

Hasdrubal. -207BC. Hannibal’s brother. Carthaginian commander.

Hauptman, Gerhart. 1862-1946. Polish/German poet and writer. The Weavers 1892.

Haydn, Joseph. 1732-1809. Austrian Classical composer. Father of modern symphony and string quartet. Solomon Symphony 1791-5. English Symphony 1794. Seasons 1801.

Hazlitt, William. 1778-1830. English essayist, critic. The Plain Speaker 1826.

Heath, Edward. 1916-. British Conservative Prime Minister 1970-4. Common Market.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Helicon. Greek mountain dedicated to the Muses and Apollo.

Heliocentricity. Revolution of the earth around the sun. Once considered heretical. Galileo. Copernicus.

Hellenistic Art. c330-50BC. Cosmopolitan culturally diverse period of Alexander’s empire. Sensual, emotional sculpture. Dying Gaul. Laocoön.

Hemingway, Ernest. 1898-1961. US novelist: Fairwell to Arms 1929. For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940. Old Man and the Sea 1952. Style:“A stream with stones of nouns and a surface of prepositional ripples” -L. Morrow.

Hengist and Horsa. 5C. Legendary Jute brothers, founded Kent. Fought Britons.

Henry, O. 1862-1910. US short-story writer. Surprise endings and irony. Gift of the Magi. Porter.

Henry VIII. 1491-1547. King of England 1509-. Executed Thomas More. Established Church of England. Dissolved monasteries. Six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

Henry the Navigator. 1394-1460. Portuguese prince. Sponsored African exploration. School of Navigation 1423.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Heracleitus. c540-480BC. Greek philosopher. ’The only permanent thing is change.’ Fire is basis of matter.

Hermes Trismegistus. Egyptian founder of alchemy. Passed secret only to the sons of Pharaoahs.

Herod. 73-4BC. King of Judaea 37BC-. Massacre of the Innocents.

Herod Antipas. 21BC-39 AD. Galileen king 4BC-. Killed John the Baptist for Salome.

Herodes Atticus. c101-177. Greek/Roman orator, banker. Gave major buildings to Athens.

Herodotus. c484-420BC. Greek historian and explorer. “Father of History”-Cicero.

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