Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. CND. 1958- Founded by Russell. Aldermaston Marches. The peace symbol, overlaid semaphore ND, was designed for the CND.

Campanella, Tommaso. 1568-1639. Italian monk, philosopher. City of the Sun 1602 parallels Plato’s Republic.

Canterbury Cathedral. 1070-89. First double transept.

Cape of Good Hope. Bantu. 1652 Dutch. 1814 British Cape Colony. 1910 Province, South Africa.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Cardigan, James Brudenell, Earl of. 1797-1868. British General. Led Charge of the Light Brigade. Tennyson. Crimean War.

Carib. Warlike natives of Amazon Basin. 15C conquered Arawak. Cannibals. Decimated by disease. St Vincent.

Carloman. 751-771. Charlemagne’s brother and co-ruler.

Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Carlyle, Thomas. 1795-1881. Scottish writer: Heroes and Hero Worship 1841. Cromwell’s Letters 1845. -“Britain-the chosen nation”.

Carnot, Lazare. 1753-1823. French mathematician. Called “organizer of victory” by Revolutionaries. Member of Directory, Tribunal. Instituted conscription.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carothers, Wallace. 1896-1937. Invented nylon, 1935 at duPont.

Carpetbagger. 1865-77. Northern politicians in S US during Reconstruction.

Carpion. Greek. An architect of Parthenon.

Carson, Rachel. 1907-64. US biologist: The Silent Spring 1962.

Cartwright, Alexander. “Father of American baseball”. Established rules for modern game.

Caryatid. Draped female figure used as arch. column. Esp. Erechtheum, Athens c420BC.

Cassander. c354-297BC. Macedonian King. Fought for control after Alexander’s death. Diadochi.

Cassiopeia. Andromeda’s mother.

Castillon, Battle. 1453. Final English defeat in the Hundred Years War.

Cather, Willa. 1873-1947. US novelist. O Pioneers 1913.

Catherine, St. 4C. Virgin martyred on the wheel in Alexandria.

Catherine de Medici. 1519-89. Wife of Henry II, mother of 3 French kings, built Tuileries Palace. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

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