Lindos. c700-408BC. Major Rhodes city. Colonized Spain and Italy.

Lippi, Fra Filippo. 1406-69. Florentine Renaissance painter. Madonna and Child 1437. Coronation of the Virgins.

Lithuania. 1238 Mindaugas unites. 1385 +Poland. 1569 Lublin Union under Poland. 1795 Prussia/ Russia. 1918 Independent. 1926 Smetona putsch. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Little Bighorn, Battle. 1876. Sitting Bull led Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer’s cavalry.

Liutprand. Powerful Lombard King, 712-44. Law code.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Livonia. 9C Livs. 1237 Teutonic Knights. 1569 Lithuania/ Poland. 1660 Sweden. 1721 Russia. 1918 Estonia/ Latvia.

Lloyd Webber, Andrew. 1948-. British composer of popular musicals. Jesus Christ, Superstar 1971. Evita 1978. Cats 1981. Phantom of the Opera.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lockerbie Scotland. 1988 Terrorist bomb downs PanAm plane killing 270. Libya.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Lorraine, Claude. 1600-82. French landscape painter, master of sunlight. Sunset 1644.

Lotus Eaters. African peoples of Odyssey who were forgetful and idle.

Louis I. 778-840. Charlemagne’s son. Last Emperor of unified Carolingian Empire 814~. Twice deposed and restored.

Louis I. The Great. 1326-82. King of Hungary, 1342-, Poland 1370-. Rid kingdoms of Turks. Fought Venice, Naples.

Louis II. 1506-26. King of Hungary and Bohemia 1516-. Lost Hungary to Turks.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XIV Style. 1638-1715. Rich decoration as at Versailles. Poussin. Le Nôtre.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

Love Generation. 1960-9. Term applied to hippies who rejected past values for instant pleasures of drugs and music.

Low Countries. Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands.

Lublin Union. 1569-1792. Poland and Lithuania.

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