John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John III. 1629-96. King of Poland 1674-. “Champion of Christendom” saved Vienna from Turks 1683.

John V. 1689-1750. King of Portual 1706-. Peace with France and Spain.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Joinville, Jean de. 1224-1317. French chronicler, advised St Louis. Histoire 1309.

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

Jolson, Al. 1886-1950. US Vaudeville and Broadway performer. First talking film: The Jazz Singer 1927.

Jones, Ernest. 1897-1958. Welsh psychoanalyst. Life and Works of Freud 1953-7.

Jongleurs. French medieval wandering entertainers.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

Joseph, St. Husband of Mary, mother of Jesus.

Joseph of Arimathea, St. Buried Jesus in his own tomb. By legend, brought Holy Grail to England.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Juliana. 1909-. Queen of Netherlands 1948-80.

July Ordinances. 1830. Charles X attempts to censor press and alter electoral process causing July Revolution.

July Revolution. 1830. France. Thiers. Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Louis-Philippe ascends. Caused by July Ordinances.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Jutes. Germanic tribe who invaded England 5C. Established Canterbury.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

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