Hundred Years War. 1337~1453. English defend claims to French throne. Crécy. Poitiers. Agincourt. Joan of Arc. English driven from continent, except Calais.

Iroquois League. (League of 5 Nations). 1570-. Confederation of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca. Fought for English in American Revolution, Seven Years War.

Isabella of Bavaria. 1371-1435. French Queen consort/regent 1389-1422. Recognized British heir to French throne. Treaty of Troyes. Hundred Years War.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

Karageorge, George. 1762-1817. Serbian. Led revolt vs Turks, 1804. Murdered by Milos, starting 100 year feud.

Laudon, Gideon. 1717-90. Estonian/Austrian Hapsburg field marshal in Seven Years War.

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. 1532-88. Favourite of Queen Elizabeth I.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Masada. 66-73. Last Zealot stronghold vs Rome. 2 Year siege.

Matthias. 1557-1619. Holy Roman Emperor 1612-. Catholic Revival led to Thirty Years War.

Maximilian I. The Great. 1573-1651. Duke of Bavaria. Founded Catholic League 1609. Thirty Years War.

Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz. 1927-. Polish Prime Minister 1989. First non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe in 40 years.

Methusaleh. Biblical patriarch. Lived 969 years.

Millenialism. Belief in the Millenium, 1000 Year reign of Christ before world ends.

Minden, Battle. 1759. Prussia and Britain defeat French. Seven Years War.

Montcalm, Louis. 1712-59. French general killed defending Quebec against the English. Seven Years War.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

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