Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Pichincha, Battle. 1822. Ecuador wins independence from Spain.

Pretorius, Andries. 1798-1853. Boer leader of Great Trek. Aided in Transvaal independence.

Rhee, Syngman. 1875-1965. First South Korean president 1948-60. Campaigned for Independence from Japan.

Riga, Treaties. 1920 Russia recognizes Latvian independence. 1921 Russia cedes land to Poland.

San Martin, José de. 1778-1850. South American independence leader with Bolivar vs Spain in Argentina, Chile, Peru.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Sempach Battle. 1386. Swiss confederates defeat Austrian Duke Leopold, ensuring independence.

Separatism. 1960-. Quebec movement for political independence from Canada. Referendum defeated 1980, 1995.

Smith, Ian. 1919-. S.Rhodesian Prime Minister 1964-79. Unilateral Declaration of Independence. 1965. Fought black rights.

Stockholm Bloodbath. 1520. Danish Christian II kills 80 nobles. Swedish fight for independence.

SWAPO. Southwest African People’s Organization for Namibian independence. 1960 Founded by Nujoma, Toiva vs South African hegemony. 1971 UN recognition.

Swaziland.16C Bantu...19C Swazi. 1881 Independence guaranteed. 1894 South African protectorate. 1902 British protectorate. 1968 Independent kingdom.

Sweden. c8000BC Settled. 9C Rurik establishes Russ dynasty. c1000 Christian. 1319 +Norway. 1397 Kalmar Union. 1520 Revolt. 1523 Independence Vasa dynasty. 1809 -Finland. 1814 +Norway. 1905 -Norway.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Tucumán, Congress. 1816. Argentina attempts to declare independence.

Ustaše. 1929-45 Secret Croatian terrorist group seeking independence from Yugoslavia.

Velasco Agreement. 1835. Santa Anna grants Texas independence.

Venezuela. Carib, Caraca, Teque. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spain settles. 1811 Independence declared. 1821 «Gran Colombia. 1829 Independent republic.

Western Sahara. Spanish Sahara. 1976-91 Mauritania, Morocco, Polisario Independence Front dispute. 1991- awaiting referendum.

Westminster Conference. 1866-7. Planned independence of Canada under British North America Act.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

Zaghlul, Sa’d. 1857-1927. Egyptian Wafd leader for independence from Britain. Prime Minister 1924.