Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Aggression. 1974 UN Definition-Use of armed force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another state.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

American Revolution. 1775-1783. Independence won from Britain, United States of America formed.

Anglo-Egyptian Treaty. 1936. Conditional independence for Egypt.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Awami League. 1954-71. For Bangladesh independence. Rahman.

Bannockburn, Battle. 1314. Scots defeat English, assuring independence. Robert the Bruce.

Basel, Peace. 1499. Holy Roman Empire grants Swiss independence.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Berlin Congress. 1878. Bulgaria divided, independence for Romania, Serbia. Turkey gains Macedonia. Russia gains Armenia. Britain gains Cyprus. Revised San Stefano treaty.

Bermuda. 1511 Spain discovers. 1609 Shipwrecked British settle, inpiring Tempest. 1617-1834 Slavery. 1968 Autonomous British Colony. 1995 Referendum rejects independence.

Boyacá, Battle. 1819. South American rebels win independence from New Granada from Spain. Bolivar. Santander.

Cakste, Janis. 1859-1927. Latvian independence leader, First president 1922-.

Carabobo, Battle. 1821. Venezuela defeats Spain, gaining independence.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Continental Congress. 1774-89. US Government until Constitution approved. Proclaimed Declaration of Independence.

Dinh Bo Linh. -979. Emperor, reunified Vietnam, gained independence from China.

Durham Report. 1839. Advocated colonial independence from Britain, BNA Act.

Ferdinand. 1861-1948. Crown prince 1887-, First czar of Bulgaria 1908-18. Fought Ottomans. Gained independence.

Gallicanism. 13-19C. French Catholic independence from papal authority. Conciliarism vs Ultramontanism.

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