National Insurance. 1911 Britain. Unemployment, health insurance. Social Security.

National Liberation Front. 1960- Vietcong organization for unification of Vietnam. 1969 Provisonal government. 1975 Conquered South Vietnam. 1976 Joined National United Front.

National Socialism. Nazism. 1919-45. German master-race nationalist Fascist movement. Anti- semitic. Individual surrenders to State will. Hitler. Drexler.

Nationalism. 17-20C. Sociopolitical movement stressing individual’s loyalty to his state. 19C Led to Imperialism. 20C Fascism and Nazism.

Nationalism. Musical movement to reflect national or ethnic spirit. Especially 16C and 19C. Grieg. Sibelius.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

Natural Rights. Inherent rights that cannot be taken away by a government.

Naturalism. 19-20C Literary movement presenting life objectively. Zola.

Nefertiti. 14C BC. Egyptian queen to Akhenaton.

Nehru, Pandit Jawaharial. 1889-1964. Congress Movement 1929-. First Indian Prime Minister 1947-. Rationalized Hindu laws.

Neorealism, Italian. 1920-60. Literary movement supressed by Fascists. Moving autobiographical accounts of the war years. Quasimodo.

Nerchinsk, Treaty. 1689. Russia-China trade agreement. China recognizes Russia.

Neumann, John von. 1903-57. Hungarian/US mathematician. Computer theory; serial process. Assisted H-bomb development. Minimax theorem 1928.Theory of Games 1944.

New Amsterdam. 1624-64 Dutch settlement. = Manhattan.

New Kingdom. 1567-1085BC. Peak of Egyptian Empire. 18-20th dynasties. Akhenaton, Ramses II. Valley of Kings.

New Model Army. 1645. English parliamentary army replaced private armies. Won Civil War.

New South Wales. 1788-1852 British colonize with transported convicts. 1856 Self-government. 1901 Australia.

New Testament. Portion of Bible relating to life and teachings of Christ and his disciples.

Newcomen, Thomas. 1663-1729. First steam engine, 1706, as mine pump. Basis of Watt’s.

Newfoundland. Beothuk, Inuit. 10C Norse discover. 1497 Cabot rediscovers. 1583 Britain claims. 17-18C British, French dispute. 1713 British sovereignty recognized. 1855 Self-governing. 1934 Crown Colony. 1949 Canadian province.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Niagara Movement. 1905-10. US black civil rights movement. NAACP.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Ninety-five Theses. 1517. Document Luther nailed to Wittenburg church door. Began Reformation.

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