Ito Hirobumi. 1841-1909. Westernizing Japanese statesman. First Parliament 1890.

Iturbide, Augustin de. 1783-1824. Emperor of Mexico 1822-3. Led Mexican independence movement. Exiled.

Jacob. Old Testament. 3rd patriarch of 12 tribes of Israel. Grandson of Abraham. Son of Isaac. God changed name to Israel.

Jainism. 6C BC-. Pacifist ascetic Indian religion incorporating elements of Hinduism.

Jamaica. Arawak. 1494 Columbus discovers. 1509 Spanish. 1655 British. 1959 Self-government. 1962 Independent.

Jameson Raid. 1895. Abortive British-led revolt vs Boer government of Transvaal.

Jamestown. 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jeremiah. c650-570BC. Old Testament Hebrew prophet.

Jerome, Jerome K. 1859-1927. English novelist: Three Men in a Boat.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo. c1495-1579. Spanish conquistador. Founded Bogota, Colombia.

Job. 6C BC. Suffering, faithful Old Testament servant of God.

John Birch Society. 1958-. Right-wing US anti-Communist movement. Birch.

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Joshua. Old Testament hero. Led conquest of Canaan. Destroyed Jericho.

Joyce, James. 1882-1941. Innovative Irish writer in Stream of Consciousness style. Experimented with linguistic techniques. Dubliners 1914. Portrait of the Artist 1916. Ulysses 1922. Finnegan’s Wake 1939.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Junta. Emergency administrative council. Often after an overthrow of existing government.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

Kanagawa, Treaty. 1854. US-Japan trade agreement. Ended Japan’s isolationism 1639-. Perry.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Keble, John. 1792-1866. English poet/clergyman. National Apostacy 1833 sermon started Oxford Movement.

Kelley, Oliver. 1826-1913. US agriculturalist. Founded National Grange 1867.

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