Haskala. 18-19C Cultural movement to move European Jews from ghettos into mainstream.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Hel. Norse goddess of death.

Helen of Troy. Greek wife of Menelaus. Eloped with Paris to Troy causing Trojan War.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Henry IV. 1366-1413. Rebelled vs Richard II. King of England 1399-. Consolidated government. First Lancaster.

Herculano, Alexandre. 1810-77. Portuguese Romantic poet.

Hillel. c30BC-9. Jewish commentator. 7 Rules for interpreting Bible.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hinduism. c 1500BC-. Indian religion. Cycles of life, death, reincarnation. Release by enlightenment. Caste system. Vedas. Root of Buddhism, Jainism, many sects. Upanishads.

Hiss, Alger. 1904-96. Alleged communist spy in US State Department. Jailed for perjury 1950-4.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 1841-1935. US Supreme Court Justice 1902-32. Law as social instrument.

Holst, Gustav. 1874-1934. British composer: original style, harmonic experiments. Planets 1918.

Home Rule Bill. 1914 Separate Irish Parliament. 1920 Government of Ireland Act. Irish Free State.

Home Rule Movement, Irish. 1870-c1920. For independence from Britain.

Hu Yaobang. 1915-89. Liberal Chinese Communist Party chairman. Death led to Tiananmen demonstrations.

Hubbard, L Ron. 1911-86. Science Fiction writer. Founded Scientology. Dianetics, the Modern Science of Mental Health.

Hui-neng. 638-713. Chinese Zen priest. Satori-sudden enlightenment.

Hull, Cordell. 1871-1955. US Secretary of State. UN founder. Trade agreements.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Hungarian Uprising. 1703-11. Ferenc Rákóczi II led vs Hapsburg centralism. No real change achieved. 1956. Student-led revolt crushed by Russian troops. Kádár puppet government established. Nagy executed.

Husserl, Edmund. 1859-1938. German philosopher. Phenomenology.

Hymen. Greek god of marriage.

I Am. 1934-. US religious movement founded by Ballard.

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