Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act. 1890-3. US increases silver purchases. Fears of gold standard abandonment started 1893 Panic.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

Strauss, Joseph. 1870-1938. Golden Gate Bridge 1937.

Sutter, John. 1803-80. Owned California land on which gold was discovered 1848.

Tamerlane. 1336-1405. Barbaric Mongol Moslem conquerer. First of Timurid line. Routed Golden Horde. Conquered Ottomans 1402. Mehmed I.

T’ang. 618-907. Chinese dynasty. Golden Age. Overthrown by provincial warlords.

Tatars. Ancient: Mongols who merged with Golden Horde, invaded Europe 13C. Tatarstan.

Tatarstan. 8C Bulgars settle. Tatars. 13C Golden Horde. 1552 Russia. 1991 Independent Republic within Russian Federation.

Togo. 17-19C Slave trade. 1884 German protectorate = Togoland. 1920 British(W)/ French(E) League of Nations mandate. 1957 British Togo +Gold Coast = Independent Ghana. 1960 French Togo independent = Togo.

Turkmenistan. 4CBC Alexander. 7C Arabs. 13C Golden Horde. 15C Persia/Uzbek. 1881 Russia. 1925 Turkemistan SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS. Niyazov.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Uzbekistan. Bactria. 711 Arabs. 1220 Golden Horde brings Uzbeks. 1494 Shaybanids. 1875 Russia. 1924 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Uzbeks. Siberian Turkic-Mongol peoples with Golden Horde from Siberia. Uzbekistan.

Young Plan. 1930. Fixed German WWI reparations at 37 billion gold marks to be paid by 1988. One payment made.

Yukon Gold Rush. 1890s.