St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St Helena. 1502 Portugal discovers. 1659 British. 1815-21 Napoleon exiled. 1922 + Ascension Is. 1938 + Tristan da Cunha.

St Helens, Mt. 1980. Eruption.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Paul’s. London Cathedral. 1287 Original. 1701 Wren finished.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Ste. Chapelle. 1246-8. Paris. Architect: Pierre de Montreuil. Built to house The Crown of Thorns.

Steiner, Jakob. 1796-1863. Swiss/German mathematician. Pioneered synthetic geometry.

Stockton, Frank. 1834-1902. US humour writer. The Lady or the Tiger 1884.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Strasbourg Oath. 842. Charles II, Louis II oppose Lothair I. Earliest example of written French.

Strauss, David. 1808-74. German theologian: Gospel interpreted as myth. Life of Jesus 1835-6.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Stuart, James. 1688-1766. “The Old Pretender”. Catholic Prince of Wales, claimant to British throne. Jacobites.

Sturm und Drang. 1760-80. German anti-enlightenment literary movement. Goethe. Klinger.

Suárez, Francisco. 1548-1617. Spanish Scholastic philosopher, Jesuit theologian. Wrote against divine right of kings.

Suetonius. c69-122. Roman biographer. Lives of the Caesars.

Suffolk, First duke. c1484-1545. Brother-in-law, aide of Henry VIII. Incompetent military leader.

Suffolk, Duke of. -1554. Father, supported Lady Jane Grey. Executed for Wyat Rebellion.

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