Great Intercourse. 1495. Henry VIII, Philip of Burgundy trade treaty.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St. 1020-85. Pope 1073-. Condemned lay investiture 1075. Henry IV appoints Anti-Pope Clement III, attacked Rome, 1081-3.

Haakon VII. 1872-1957. King of Norway after separation from Sweden, 1905. In exile 1940-45.

Henry IV. 1050-1106. Holy Roman Emperor, 1056-. Civil War. Struggles with Gregory VII led to excommunication. Worms Synod. Clement III.

Henry VII. 1457-1509. First Tudor King of England 1485-. Defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, 1485. Ended War of Roses. United Lancasters, Yorks.

Henry VIII. 1491-1547. King of England 1509-. Executed Thomas More. Established Church of England. Dissolved monasteries. Six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

Holbein, Hans, the Younger. 1497-1543. German/English Realist portrait painter. St. Mary 1525. Danse Macabre 1526. Henry VIII 1540.

Howard, Catherine. 1521-42. 5th wife of Henry VIII. Beheaded.

Innocent VIII. 1432-92. Pope 1484-. Authorized Inquisition against witchcraft 1484.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

Langtry, Lily. 1853-1929. English beauty/actress. Favourite of Edward VII as Prince of Wales.

Lincoln, Battle. 1217. Henry III defeats nobles supporting Louis VIII of France.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XVII. 1785-95. Nominal French king during Revolution.

Louis XVIII. 1755-1824. Bourbon. Restored to French throne by Allies 1814-. Advisory Parliament. Ultraloyalists.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Mary Tudor. 1496-1533. Daughter of Henry VII, married Louis XII of France.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

More, Thomas. 1477-1535. English humanist, statesman. Utopia 1516, described ideal cooperative democracy. Executed by Henry VIII for opposing Act of Supremacy. Catholic saint.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

Parr, Catherine. 1512-48. Sixth and last wife of Henry VIII.

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