Mackenzie, William Lyon. 1795-1861. Led failed revolt vs Family Compact in Upper Canada 1837.

Malatesta. 13-16C. Italian family. Ruled Rimini.

Mather. 17-18C. Family of influential American Puritan ministers.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Mortimer. English royal family. Edmund’s royal marriage 14C led to 15C Yorkist claims vs Henry IV. Edward IV.

Muhlenberg. German/US family. Founded US Lutheranism 18-19C.

Nassau. German family which controlled the Rhine from 12C. One branch was House of Orange.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Prakrit. Family of Indic languages from which Indo-Aryan springs.

Radziwill. 15-18C. Polish-Lithuanian royal family.

Rothschild, Meyer. 1744-1812. German banking family patriarch.

Scipio. 3-1C BC Family of Roman leaders, generals.

Stopes, Marie. 1880-1958. British Family Planning pioneer. First London birth control clinic 1921.

Stroganov. Wealthy Russian merchant family 16-17C. Helped colonise Siberia 1574. Aided czars.

Strozzi. Florentine noble family. Rivals of Medici.

Stuart. Family which ruled Scotland 1371-1714, England 1603-1714.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

Vanderbilt. 19C US Railroad magnate family. Founded university.

Visconti. 1311-1450. Milanese noble family.

Windsor. 1917-. Surname of British royal family, replacing Wettin, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in WWI.

York. Branch of the Anjou-Plantegenet family, Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. War of Roses.

Zaibatsu. 1868-1946. Japanese family owned-cartels. Mitsui. Mitsubishi. Sumitomo. Yasuda.

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Anglo-Soviet Agreement. 1941. 20 year pledge against Nazi Germany and Axis powers.

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