Vargas, Getúlio. 1883-1954. Dictatorial Brazilian president by revolution 1930-45, 51-. Modernization.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Verona Congress. 1822. Last Holy Alliance congress. Authorized French intervention in Spanish revolution. British opposed intervention in New Spain. Failure of Congress System.

Villa, Pancho. 1878-1923. Mexican revolutionary, bandit. Chihuahua governor. 1913-. Overthrew Huerta with Carranza 1914. Raided New Mexico 1916.

Vitalism. Bergson’s theory of evolution. Life force differentiates living things from others. Aristotle.

Voltaire, François. 1694-1778. French philosopher vs tyranny, bigotry, cruelty. Challenged accepted beliefs. Quotations became revolutionary slogans. Lettres Philosophique 1734. Candide 1758.

Wafd. 1918-52. Egyptian nationalist party. Dissolved by Revolution.

Washington, George. 1732-99. American Revolution commander, First US President.

Wattignies, Battle. 1793. Inexperienced French army defeats professional Austrians. French Revolution.

Wedgwood, Josiah. 1730-95. English potter, developed new style, 1763. Automation, 1769, begins Industrial Revolution.

Whipple, Abraham. 1733-1819. American Revolutionary. Captured 11 British ships 1779.

White Revolution. 1950-79. Iran land reform movement of Shah ended by Islamic Revolution.

XYZ Affair. 1797. US attack French ships after refusing to bribe ministers. Settled 1800. French Revolutionary Wars.

Yorktown, Siege. 1781. British surrender to American and French forces. American Revolution.

Zapata, Emiliano. 1879-1919. Mexican revolutionary hero. “Land and liberty!”. Ayala Plan.

Zelaya, José. 1853-1919. Nicaraguan president 1894-1909. Attempted to unify Central America by force and revolution 1909.

Zinoviev Letter. 1924. From COMINTERN to London advising worker revolution. Labour defeated.