Robespierre, Maximilien de. 1758-94. Jacobin extremist French revolutionary leader. Opposed Cult of Reason. Led Terror. Executed.

Rochambeau, Comte de. 1725-1807. French commander, aided in American Revolution.

Rodney, George. 1718-92. British admiral. Seven Years War. American Revolution.

Roland de la Platière, Jean. 1734-93. Moderate French revolutionary leader. Fled Terror.

Roland de la Platière, Jeanne. 1754-93. French wife of Jean. Held revolutionary salons. Executed.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Russell, Henry. 1877-1957. US astronomer. Evolution of universe. Stellar Evolution 1929.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russo-Japanese War. 1904-5. Unsuccessful attempt to limit Japanese Imperialism. A cause of Russian Revolution 1905.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Salomon, Haym. 1740-85. Main financial backer of American Revolution.

Sansculottes. 1793-4. Radical French Revolutionaries. Demanded action of Convention vs counterrevolution. Terror.

Saratoga, Battle. 1777. American victory, turning point in American Revolution.

Scopes Trial. 1925. Scopes found guilty of teaching evolution in Tennessee high school. Bryan. Darrow.

September Massacres. 1792. Paris. 1200 prisoners killed by revolutionaries in 4 days. French Revolution.

Shot Heard Around the World. 1775. Battle of Lexington and Concord beginning American Revolution.

Shrewsbury, Duke of. 1660-1718. English. Influenced Glorious Revolution, Hanoverian succession.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Socialist Revolutionary Party. 1901-22. Russia. Sought classless society. Suppressed by Bolsheviks.

Sorel, George. 1847-1922. French advocate of revolutionary syndicalism. Reflection on Violence 1908 justified violence and general strikes. Influenced Mussolini.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stamp Act. 1765. British tax on newspapers and legal documents. A cause of American Revolution. Stamp Act Congress.

Stamp Act Congress. 1765. Issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances vs “taxation without representation”. American Revolution.

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