Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Lyautey, Louis. 1854-1934. French General. Established French protectorate over Morocco.

Lyons, Council, 2nd. 1274. Union of East, West churches. Later repudiated by Greek clergy. Schism.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Mach, Ernest. 1838-1916. Founded Scientific Positivism 1905. Relates physics and psychology. Vienna Circle.

MacLeod, J.J.R. 1876-1935. Scotland. Discovered insulin with Banting, Best.

Macready, William. 1793-1873. English actor. Rivalry with Forrest caused NY Opera House Riot, 1849.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Magi. Persian priest caste. Caspar, Melchior, Belthazar bore gifts to Jesus.

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

Malan, Daniel. 1874-1959. South African Prime Minister 1948-54. Established Apartheid.

Malatesta. 13-16C. Italian family. Ruled Rimini.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Manchester School. 19C British free-trade movement. Cobden.

Manifest Destiny. 1840s. Justified US expansionism.

Marcion. 144. Founded heretical sect with 2 Gods: imperfect Old Testament God and Jesus’ merciful God.

Marlborough Statute. Westminster, Provisions of.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Marsyas. Mythical Phrygian artist. Challenged Apollo to musical contest.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

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