Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty. 1774. Ottomans restore Black Sea ports to Russia. Independent Crimea.

Kurds. Sunni Moslem Taurus, Zagros Mountain peoples of Kurdistan, central Asia. 1925 rebelled in Turkey. 1922,44,63 rebelled in Iraq. Persecuted in Turkey, Iraq, Iran. Saladin. Sevres Treaty.

Kyi, Aung San Suu. 1945-. Burmese. Leader of nonviolent movement for human rights in Myanmar. House arrest 1989-95.

Lagrange, Louis. 1736-1813. French mathematician. Analysis of mechanical systems. Celestial mechanics.

Lammenais, Félicité de. 1782-1854. French RC priest. Liberal writer influenced Christian Democrats. Paroles d’un Croyant 1833.

Laocoön. Trojan priest, distrusted Trojan Horse. Killed with sons by serpents.

Laplace, Pierre. 1749-1827. French mathematician, astronomer. Celestial mechanics 1779-1825. Solar system origin from condensed gas.

Lapua. 1929-32. Finnish-Estonian Fascist movement. Failed putsch, 1932.

Lateran Treaty. 1929. Established Vatican as sovereign state.

Latimer, Hugh. 1485-1555. English Protestant Reformation churchman. Executed by Mary I.

Latin Empire of Constantinople. 1204-61. Established by 4th Crusade leaders.

Laudon, Gideon. 1717-90. Estonian/Austrian Hapsburg field marshal in Seven Years War.

Lawrence, Ernest. 1901-58. Invented cyclotron, 1930.

Lawrence, St. -258. Martyr with Pope St Sixtus II.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

LeBrun, Charles. 1619-90. Painter. Head of Gobelins Tapestry Works, 1662-. Versailles decorator.

LeDuc, Viollet. 19C restorer of Notre Dame.

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. 1532-88. Favourite of Queen Elizabeth I.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Leo III, St. -816. Pope 795-. Crowned Charlemagne recreating Western Roman Empire.

Leo IX, St. 1002-54. Pope 1049-. Excommunicated Cerularius, causing East-West Schism.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Lépine, Louis. 1846-1933. French administrator, prefect of police. Contest of inventors.

Lese Majesty. Crime against state or its ruler. Treason.

Lettres de Cachet. 16C-1789. French royal warrants for arrest. Often political. Bastille.

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