Land Decree. 1917. Confiscation of private property in Russia.

La Salle, Robert. 1643-87. French explorer of Louisiana, Mississippi 1682.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

LeBougre, Robert. First Inquisitor of HRE, appointed by Gregory IX 1231.

Lebrun, Albert. 1871-1950. French president 1931-40. Surrendered to Pétain.

Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of. 1532-88. Favourite of Queen Elizabeth I.

Le Lorrain, Robert. 1666-1743. French bas-relief sculptor.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Li Tzu-ch’eng. 1605-45. Chinese rebel. Overthrew Ming dynasty 1644. Defeated by Manchu.

Liber. Roman god of wine, fertility...Bacchus. = Dionysus.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Liberty, Statue of. 1886. Bartholdi sculpture. Gift from France.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Liberty Bell. 1753. Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Cracked 1835.

Liberty Party. 1839-48. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Free-Soil party.

Liberty Poles. 1765-6. Symbolic anti-British poles in US.

Llull, Raimon. 1235-1316. Catalan Neoplatonic Idealist mystic poet, alchemist. Tried to convert Moslems. Felix 1288.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lon Nol. 1913-85. Cambodian Prime Minister 1966-7. Overthrew Sihanouk 1970. Deposed by Khmer Rouge 1975.

Lost Generation. Gertrude Stein’s term for US writers influenced by WWI. Fitzgerald. Hemingway.

Louvre. 1204 fortress. Charles V library. 1527 new palace by Lescot. 1793 converted to museum. Venus de Milo. Mona Lisa.

Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

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