Smithson, James. 1765-1829. English scientist. Left fortune to found Smithsonian Institution.

Snow, C.D. 1905-80. English writer. Strangers and Brothers series.

Soane, John. 1753-1837. English Neoclassical architect, collector. Bank of England 1792-1833.

Soddy, Frederick. 1877-1956. English chemist. Isotope theory.

Somerset. 2nd duke. c1406-1455. English general. Lost English territory in France. Quarrel with Duke of York led to War of Roses.

Sovereign. 1503-1917. English coin worth 22s6d, later 10s, 11s, £1.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

Spanish Marriages, Affair of. 1846. Isabella’s sister, heir marries French prince, despite Spanish assurances, causing English/French rift.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Spenser, Edmund. 1552-99. English poet: Faerie Queen 1590. “The poet’s poet”.

St Lucia. Carib Arawak. 17C English fail to settle. 1650 French settle. 1803 Britain. 1838 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Autonomous. 1979 Independent.

St Pierre and Miquelon. 1635 French occupy. 17, 18C French, English dispute. 1814 French. 1947 French Overseas Territory.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Standish, Myles. 1584-1656. English Mayflower colonist. Led Plymouth colony.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Steele, Richard. 1672-1729. English dramatist, essayist. Tatler 1709-11. Spectator 1711-12.

Stephen. 1097-1154. English king 1135-. Usurped throne from Matilda.

Stephenson, George. 1781-1848. English inventor of steam locomotive 1814, “Rocket” 1829.

Sterne, Laurence. 1713-68. English humourist novelist. Tristram Shandy 1759-67. Sentimental Journey 1768.

Stonehenge. c18-14C BC. English megalithic monument with astronomical properties, religious purpose.

Strafford, First earl. 1593-1641. English adviser to Charles I. Executed by Parliament.

Stuart, Arabella. 1575-1615. Pretender to English throne. Died in Tower.

Stuart, Henry. 1725-1807. Last Stuart claimant to English throne. Left family jewels to George IV.

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