New Model Army. 1645. English parliamentary army replaced private armies. Won Civil War.

New York City. 1609 Hudson discovers. 1624 Dutch New Amsterdam. 1626 Manhattan Purchase. 1664 English. 1785-90 US capital.

Newman, John. 1801-90. English theologian, writer, founded Oxford Movement. Apologia pro Vita Sua 1868.

Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Normandy. Rome. 911 Norse(Rollo). 1066 + England. 1204 French. 1420 English. 1450 French.

North, Frederick. 1732-92. English Prime Minister during American Revolution.

Northcliffe, Viscount. 1865-1922. English publisher. Daily Mail 1896. Daily Mirror 1903. Times 1906.

Norton, Thomas. 1532-84. First English tragedy with Sackville, in blank-verse. Gorboduc 1561.

Nova Scotia. Micmac. 10C Norse discover? 1497 Cabot discovers. 1605 French settle = Acadia. 1614 English. 1667 French. 1689 English. 1697 French. 1710 English. 1848 First British colony with Responsible Government. 1867 Canada.

Oates, Titus. 1649-1705. English Anglican priest. Invented Popish Plot. 35 Catholics executed.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

O’Connor, Feargus. 1796-1855. Irish/English Chartist.

Oglethorpe, James. 1696-1785. English. Penal reform. Founded Georgia 1733 as haven for bankrupts.

Old English. 5-11C. Teutonic language of England.

Oldcastle, John. c1378-1417. English soldier. Lollard heretic leader. Model for Falstaff.

O’Neill, Hugh. c1540-1616. Irish. Led failed revolt vs English rule.

Ordeal, Trial by. -1219. English common form of trial. eg: fire, battle, dunking.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Ormonde, Duke of. 1610-88. Irish Stuart supporter during Civil War.

Orwell, George. 1903-50. English satirical novelist and social critic: Animal Farm 1945, 1984 1948.

Osborne, John. 1929-94. ‘Angry’ English playwright. Entertainer 1951. Look Back in Anger 1956.

Oughtred, Wm. 1574-1660. English. Slide rule c1630 (circular), 1633 (rectilinear).

Oxford English Dictionary. 1884-1928. 10 volumes, 2.4 million quotations. OED2 1989. James Murray.

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