Simony. Trading in church offices, sacred objects. Banned by Council of Chalcedon 451, and in England since Edward VI.

Six Articles, Statute. 1539-1547. Henry VIII’s statement of Church of England doctrine. Persecuted both adamant Catholics and Protestants.

Soane, John. 1753-1837. English Neoclassical architect, collector. Bank of England 1792-1833.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spanish Armada. 1588. English support Dutch Revolt. Philip II sends 129 ships against England. Howard, Drake, Hawkins, with 197 ships, chase the armada from English Channel, thanks to a NW gale. Spain declines as naval power. Wars of Religion.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

Strathclyde. 6C Celtic kingdom. 756 Northumbria. 921 England. 945 Scotland.

Stuart. Family which ruled Scotland 1371-1714, England 1603-1714.

Stuart, Frances. 1648-1702. “Only true love” of Charles II of England.

Sunday School. 1580 Milan. 1780 England. 1786 Virginia. Raikes.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Sweyn. -1014. Danish king c987-. Conquered Norway 1000, England 1013. Canute’s father.

Taxation. On Income 1193. On Cooking Oil: 1000BC Egypt. Foreigners: 400BC Greece. Imports 1CBC Rome. Property: 453BC Greece, 1642 England. Sales: 49BC Rome. 1973 UK VAT. Inheritance: 23BC Rome. Salt: 1286-1790 France. Hair Powder: 1795-1869 Hearths: 1663-89. Cards: 1615. Whiskey. Eisphora. Boadicea. Godiva. Danegeld. Domesday Book. Tithes.

Tea. c2700BC China. 6C Europe. 1657 England.

Telegraph. 1794 France Semaphore. 1795 England Shutter. 1835 Morse. 1851 London-Paris. 1901 Transatlantic.

Third Coalition, War. 1805. England, Austria, Russia, Sweden beaten by France, Spain despite Trafalgar victory. Ulm. Austerlitz. Coalition.

Thirty-nine Articles. 1571 Doctrine of Church of England.

Tinchebrai, Battle. 1106. Henry I re-unifies Normandy, England.

Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Tobacco. 1492 Cuba. 1493 Columbus brings to Europe. 1565 Hawkins brings to England. 1586 Raleigh brings to England.

Toleration, Act of. 1689. England. Religious freedom for non-conformists.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

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