Rhodes, Cecil. 1853-1902. English colonialist in South Africa. Endowed Oxford scholarship to preserve Empire.

Rio Salado, Battle. 1340. Major Christian victory in conquering Spain from Moslems.

Roman Republic. 509-27BC. Roman Empire. Rome.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romulus Augustulus. Last Roman Emperor of the West 475-6.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Samudra Gupta. -c380. Hindu Indian Emperor. c330-. Expanded empire. Poet, musician, soldier.

Saracens. Moslems in the Middle Ages. Caliphate Empire.

Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Sassanids. 224-. Last Persian dynasty before Moslem conquest 637-51.

Satrap. Provincial governor of Persian Empire. Achaemenids.

Saxon Dynasty. Kings of Germans 919-, Holy Roman Empire 962-1024.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Scandberg. 1404-68. Albanian prince, raised as hostage in Turkey. Led Albanians vs Turks 1444-66.

Sedan, Battle. 1870. Napoleon III surrenders to Germans. Ends second French Empire.

Ségurane, Catherine. Saved Nice by frightening away invading Turks, 1543.

Selim I. 1470-1520. Ottoman sultan 1512-. Conquered Egypt, Syria, part of Persia.

Selim III. 1761-1808. Ottoman sultan 1789-1807. Reformed, westernized. Overthrown, murdered.

Seljuks. 1075-1242. Turkish dynasty ruled Caliphate Empire. Attacks vs Byzantines led to Crusades. Nucleus for Ottoman Empire.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Sèvres, Treaty. 1920. Broke up Ottoman Empire. Would have created Kurdistan. Not ratified. Lausanne Peace.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

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